Further Observations on the Movement and Interaction of Small Particles in Water

K.R. Lese*

* Lead Scientist, Pendulum Discoveries

DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.X.X.2018.pXXXX

http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.X.X.2018.pXXXX

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                                                                    I.     INTRODUCTION

"Jan Ingenhousz [/IN-jen-house/ (approximately rhyming with the English word house)], a prominent Dutch scientist and physician of the 18th century, made significant contributions to a broad range of scientific fields. In addition to his seminal work in plant physiology where he discovered photosynthesis, Ingenhousz exhibited a curious interest in the nature of particle behavior.

In 1785, Ingenhousz made an observation which in retrospect can be considered an early description of Brownian motion. He wrote to Henry Cavendish, the British natural philosopher, detailing an intriguing phenomenon: coal dust particles on top of an alcohol surface exhibited a peculiar, vigorous, and erratic movement. This spontaneous motion, not yet understood and hence not recognized for what it was, hinted at the stochastic dance that we now identify as Brownian motion, a direct outcome of ceaseless, minuscule collisions at the molecular level.

While Ingenhousz didn't identify the mechanism behind this motion, his early observation nonetheless set the stage for later studies into the nature of particle behavior in fluids, a curiosity that continues to intrigue scientists and sets the stage for our current study, which looks at similar interactions at the boundary between air and water.

                                                     II.     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In 1827, Robert Brown the Scottish botanist and microscopist, known for his pioneering work in the field of plant taxonomy, wrote a paper titled "A brief account of microscopical observations made in the months of June, July and August 1827, on the particles contained in the pollen of plants; and on the general existence of active molecules in organic and inorganic bodies." It included his microscopic observations on the behavior of tiny particles within pollen grains suspended in water. He described these particles as exhibiting a random, jittery motion that seemed unaffected by the water's movement. Importantly, Brown noted that the erratic motion persisted even in dead pollen grains and was also observed in inorganic matter like small fragments of glass or metal. He thereby concluded that this phenomenon, later termed as 'Brownian motion', was not a life-specific process but a general feature of matter observable under appropriate conditions. This pioneering observation paved the way for understanding molecular motion in fluids.

This paper made a big contribution to science because it started to explain how molecules move in gases and liquids. This idea was later expanded on by James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann in their work on the kinetic theory of gases.

In the mid-to-late 19th century, Maxwell and Boltzmann worked on the theory of gases. They used statistics to show how the behavior of individual molecules can explain the properties of gases. While they didn't specifically talk about Brownian motion, their insights paved the way for later scientists to fully explain this phenomenon.

Fast forward to 1905, and Albert Einstein published a paper which was a game-changer for the study of Brownian motion. He created a mathematical model that explained Brownian motion using the principles from the kinetic theory of gases. Importantly, he showed that particles would move further over time in a way that could be predicted. This work also gave scientists a way to calculate Avogadro's number and the size of atoms.

Three years later, in 1908, Jean Perrin performed experiments that confirmed Einstein's theories. Perrin carefully measured how small particles moved in a liquid and showed that they behaved just as Einstein had predicted. He also managed to estimate Avogadro's number very accurately. Thanks to Perrin's experiments, scientists widely accepted that atoms and molecules really exist.

The current study continues this line of exploration into how particles behave, this time focusing on the boundary between air and water."

                                                                 III.     OBSERVATIONS

Now it is the time to articulate the research work with ideas gathered in above steps by adopting any of below suitable approaches:

A. Motion of Matter

Relative movement of two seeds in the same orientation with no rotation

B. Interaction of Matter

Rotational movement relative to each other

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                                                                   VI.     CONCLUSION

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References

[1]     G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with paper title and editor),”          in Plastics, 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed.  New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.

[2]     W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style).         Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.

[3]     H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation.   New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.

[4]     B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work style),” unpublished.

[5]     E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays (Periodical style—Accepted for publication),” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published.

[6]     J. Wang, “Fundamentals of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers arrays (Periodical style—Submitted for publication),” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., submitted for publication.

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