The Big Bang, Fundamental Particles, Elements, Bonding, Molecules

Nearly 11 Billion Years ago a small dwarf galaxy collided with the young Milky Way. The result was bigger stars, more elements, and more complex minerals.

4.6 Billion Years ago a dusty nebula condensed forming our early solar system. It was dominated by the early formation of the Sun and Jupiter. Meteors, the first rocks, roam the universe. Introduction to Radiometric dating and Geologic Time.

4.5 Billion Years ago gas, dust, meteors, and planetesimals collided and combined to start the foundation of earth. Melted mass of Mafic & Felsic Minerals. Introduction to Igneous Rocks & Bowens Reaction Series.

4.5 Billion Years ago a Mars size planet called Theia slammed into the young Earth, the debris formed our Moon. Fundamentals of the Moon, Lunar influences on Earth.

The Archean Earth has cooled enough to form a solid crust, with pockets of liquid water.

4.2 Billion Years Ago minerals retain a record of Earth’s early magnetic field. Seismic Waves Introduction to Earthquakes. Earth’s Core

4.0 Billion Years ago, the oldest preserved rocks, Canadian Gneiss. Metamorphism

2.5 Billion Years Ago Great Oxidation Event & Banded Iron Formations. Introduction to Volcanism.

1.2 Billion Years Ago. Introduction to Plate Tectonics